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Objective: To analyze surveys measuring the prevalence of burnout among Chinese doctors and reveal the overall prevalence, characteristics, timeline, and factors related to burnout. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANFANG, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases from their inception to 28 February 2021. Random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression and planned subgroup analyses were performed, and the standardized mean difference was adopted for comparisons between subgroups. Egger's and Begg's tests were performed to evaluate publication bias. Heterogeneity across the studies was tested using the I2 statistic. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018104249). Results: In total, 3,210 records were reviewed; 64 studies including 48,638 Chinese doctors were eligible for meta-analysis. The prevalence of burnout increased continuously from 2008 to 2017 and decreased significantly from 2018 to 2020, a little increase from 2020 to 2021. The overall prevalence of burnout was 75.48% (95% CI, 69.20 to 81.26; I2 = 99.23%, P < 0.001), and high burnout was 9.37% (95% CI, 4.91 to 15.05, I2 = 98.88%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of emotional exhaustion was 48.64% (95% CI, 38.73 to 58.59; I2 = 99.53%, P < 0.001), depersonalization was 54.67% (95% CI, 46.95 to 62.27; I2 = 99.20%, P < 0.001), and reduced personal accomplishment was 66.53% (95% CI, 58.13 to 74.44; I2 = 99.37%, P < 0.001). Gender, marriage, professional title and specialty all influenced burnout. Conclusions: The results showed that the total prevalence of doctor burnout in China is very high. The prevalence of burnout varies by location. Gender, marital status and professional title all affect burnout scores.
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Introducción: La llegada a Cuba en el siglo XIX de los culíes contratados para realizar los trabajos agrícolas, conllevó la llegada de médicos chinos, practicantes de la medicina herbolaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar la vida y obra de dos médicos inmigrantes chinos del siglo XIX desde sus historias, quienes alcanzaron notoriedad en su época por sus comportamientos profesional y humano en la práctica de la Medicina, lejanos uno del otro en la Isla. Material y Métodos: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones periódicas indexadas en las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico; libros, artículos periodísticos y publicaciones periódicas de la época que se encuentran como fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí. Se consultaron como fuentes básicas Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García y Portel Vilá. Desarrollo: Se obtuvo que los médicos herbolarios Siam y Juan Chambombiá permitieron lograr salvar a enfermos desahuciados en esa época, y ganar por ello notoriedad; mostraron cualidades humanas de desinterés y ayuda a los humildes. Las disputas referidas a la paternidad de la frase A ese no lo salva ni el médico chino, que ha quedado en el hablar popular cubano, finalmente fue conferida a Juan Chambombiá. Conclusiones: Siam y Chambombiá se caracterizaron por ser hombres cultos, dedicados a la profesión médica con desinterés y humanismo. Ambos sufrieron persecución e incomprensiones; prejuicios y celos, consecuencia del éxito en el tratamiento a pacientes incurables. Sus huellas han quedado en Cuba por sus comportamientos profesionales y humanos(AU)
Introduction: The arrival of coolies to Cuba in the 19th century, hired to carry out plantation labor, involved the arrival of Chinese doctors who were practicing members of the herbalist medicine. Objective:To characterize the life and work of two Chinese immigrant doctors of the XIX century who became well-known in their epoch because of their human and professional behaviors in the medical practice, even living away from each other in the island. Material and Methods:A bibliographic review of the periodical publications index-linked in SciELO database, and Google Scholar is presented. Books, journalistic articles, and periodical publications of the epoch that are part of the stock of José Martí National Library were reviewed. Basic sources such as Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García, and Portel Vilá were also consulted. Development:It was known that the herbalist doctors Siam and Juan Chambombiá could cure sick people who were given up all hope of saving in that epoch, thus becoming well-known doctors; they both showed human qualities of lack of interest, and help to the humbles. The arguments referred to the authorship of the phrase: Not even the Chinese doctor can save him, which has remained in the Cuban collection of proverbs, was finally conferred to Juan Chambombiá. Conclusions:Siam and Chambombiá were characterized by being cultured men, dedicated to the medical profession with unselfishness and humanism. Both of them suffered for persecutions, and lack of understanding; prejudices, and jealousy as a consequence of their success in the treatment to incurable patients. Their traces have remained in Cuba because of their professional and human behaviors(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 19th Century , Physicians , Asian People , Taiwan , Cuba , Emigration and Immigration/historyABSTRACT
Los orígenes de la medicina tradicional china en Cuba datan de la época colonial, cuyas técnicas fueron introducidas a través de los inmigrantes chinos. Es muy frecuentelautilización, tanto en el argot popular como médico, delrefrán: A ese no lo cura ni el médico chino. Elorigen de esta frase es real, y proviene del poco conocido Juan Cham-Bom-Bian.La mayor parte de su estancia en Cuba ocurrió entre lasciudades de La Habana y Cárdenas; enesta última ocurrió su misteriosa muerte. El objetivo de esta investigación histórica es realizar una breve reseñade lavida y obra del enigmático Juan Cham-Bom-Bian: el médicochino de Cuba. La búsqueda y recopilación de información se realizó a partir de diversas fuentes en artículos de revistas y libros de historia de los siglos XIX y XX, disponibles en el archivo histórico municipal de Cárdenas. La existencia de este singular personaje continúa siendo una incógnita para los historiadores de nuestro tiempo. Juan Cham-Bom-Bian constituye uno de los primeros precursores de la medicina tradicional china en Cuba(AU)
The origins of the Chinese traditional medicine in Cuba date from the colonial time whose techniques were introduced throughtheChinese immigrants. It is very frequent the use so much in the popular jargonas doctor of the proverb: "to that it doesn't save him neither the Chinese doctor". The origin of this sentence is real, and Cham-Bom-Bißncomes from the not very well-known Juan. Most of their stayin Cuba happened between the cities of Havana and Cßrdenas; in Cardenas City happened their mysterious death. The objective of the present historica larticle is tocarry out a brief review of the life and work of the enigmatic JuanCham-Bom-Bißn: "the Chinese doctor" of Cuba. The search and summary of information was carried out starting from diverse sourcesof information: articles of magazines and books of history of the available XIX and XX centuries in municipal historical file of Cßrdenas City. Their existence continues being a secret for the historians of our time. JuanCham-Bom-Bißn was one of the first precursors of the Chinese traditional medicine in Cuba(AU)
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
Los orígenes de la medicina tradicional china en Cuba datan de la época colonial, cuyas técnicasfueronintroducidas a través de los inmigrantes chinos. Es muy frecuentelautilización, tanto en el argot popular como médico,delrefrán: "A ese no lo cura ni el médico chino".El origen de esta frase es real, y proviene del poco conocido JuanCham-Bom-Bian. La mayor parte de su estancia en Cuba ocurrió entre la sciudades de La Habana y Cárdenas; enesta última ocurrió su misteriosa muerte. El objetivo de esta investigación histórica es realizar una breve reseña de la vida y obra del enigmático Juan Cham-Bom-Bian: "e lmédico chino" de Cuba. La búsqueda y recopilación de información se realizó a partir de diversas fuentes en artículos de revistas y libros de historia de los siglos XIX yXX, disponibles en el archivo histórico municipal de Cárdenas. La existencia de este singular personaje continúa siendo una incógnita para los historiadores de nuestro tiempo. JuanCham-Bom-Bian constituye uno de los primeros precursores de la medicina tradicional china enCuba.
The origins of the Chinese traditional medicine in Cuba date from the colonial time whose techniques were introduced throughtheChinese immigrants. It is very frequent the use so much in the popular jargonas doctor of the proverb: "to that it doesn't save him neither the Chinese doctor". The origin of this sentence is real, and Cham-Bom-Biáncomes from the not very well-known Juan. Most of their stayin Cuba happened between the cities of Havana and Cárdenas; in Cardenas City happened their mysterious death. The objective of the present historica larticle is tocarry out a brief review of the life and work of the enigmatic JuanCham-Bom-Bián: "the Chinese doctor" of Cuba. The search and summary of information was carried out starting from diverse sourcesof information: articles of magazines and books of history of the available XIX and XX centuries in municipal historical file of Cárdenas City. Their existence continues being a secret for the historians of our time. JuanCham-Bom-Bián was one of the first precursors of the Chinese traditional medicine in Cuba.
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The famous senior Chinese medical doctor Li Wei-xian is one of the national third and fourth acadomic advisor groups for propagating and inheriting of TCM experiences and theories.He is good at treating gynecology and pediatrics particularly,who believes that reasonable and eriective clinical health keeping guidance should be given sufficient attention.He noted that"if you want to keep healthful,the staple food is necessary,"for fomale patients with qi and blood deficiency,and that"if you want your children be better,a little hunger and cold is required."
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Prof Yan(1920-)is one of the first batch of National Famous Traditional Chinese Doctors conferred by the national government.He is a well-known clinical physician and educator in TCM.He also is the representative inheritor of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Project conferred by Ministry of Culture.Prof YAN as one of a few prominent doctors is now still persisting in clinic.He did great contribution to development of TCM.The author,as his academic inheritor,followed his clinical practice for years and understood his academic thoughts from mouth-heart-teaching.Then the author summarized his clinical experience and strategy of prescription.The article may be a reference for inheritance of Prof Yan's academic thoughts.
